Modern railway systems are subjected to intense use, with fast trains and increasing axle loads. Rails have to be more wear resistant and achieve higher standards of straightness and flatness in order to avoid the surface and internal defects which may lead eventually to failure. The shape of the manufactured rail depends to a large extent on the uniformity of thermo mechanical processing; the most advanced mills are computer controlled with continuous feed-back from the product during manufacture.

known when massed as reinforcing steel or reinforcement steel, [1] is a steel bar used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension. Concrete is strong under compression, but has low tensile strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure. Rebar's surface features a continuous series of ribs, lugs or indentations to promote a better bond with the concrete and reduce the risk of slippage.

is the common term for steel products shaped by cold-working processes carried out near room temperature, such as rolling, pressing, stamping, bending, etc. Stock bars and sheets of cold-rolled steel (CRS) are commonly used in all areas of manufacturing. The terms are opposed to hot-formed steel and hot-rolled steel
Cold-formed steel, especially in the form of thin gauge sheets, is commonly used in the construction industry for structural or non-structural items such as columns, beams, joists, studs, floor decking, built-up sections and other components

Hot rolled steel is steel that has undergone the rolling process at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (usually 1700° F or greater). Compared to unprocessed steel, the processed material exhibits greater formability and workability, making it easier to work with in subsequent processing operations.

Galvanized steel coils are steel sheets or strips that have been zinc-coated to keep them from corroding. Galvanization includes immersing steel coils in molten zinc baths or imparting a zinc coating via a continuous hot-dip galvanizing process.
The zinc coating acts as a barrier between the steel and its surroundings, preventing rust and corrosion from forming on the steel’s surface.

(GFRP) is a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)Fiber reinforced composite is a material formed by appropriate molding process of high-performance fiber, synthetic resin matrix and curing agent; high-performance fiber is the reinforcing material and synthetic resin is the matrix material. Fiber has high tensile strength and is the main provider of the strength of fiber-reinforced composite. It mainly plays the role of bearing load. It is mainly divided into carbon fiber and aramid fiber Fiber, basaltic fiber, glass fiber, etc. the matrix material can bond and transfer shear, and its physical properties can affect the physical properties of fiber reinforced materials.

Billet steel is a type of high-quality steel that’s used for a variety of applications. It’s made from cast iron or plain carbon steel and is then heated and worked into its desired shape. This type of steel has unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties that make it ideal for certain types of applications. Let’s take a closer look at what makes billet steel so special.

also known as inox, corrosion-resistant steel (CRES) and rustless steel, is an alloy of iron that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. It contains at least 10.5% chromium and usually nickel, as well as 0.2 to 2.11% carbon. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion results from the chromium, which forms a passive film that can protect the material and self-heal in the presence of oxygen.[1]: 3

 Aluminum is added in small amounts to certain metals to improve their properties for specific uses, as in aluminum bronzes and most magnesium-base alloys; or, for aluminum-base alloys, moderate amounts of other metals and silicon are added to aluminum. The metal and its alloys are used extensively for aircraft construction, building materials, consumer durables (refrigerators, air conditioners, cooking utensils), electrical conductors, and chemical and food-processing equipment.

pipe for various purposes (gas pipeline, water supply, gas exhaust or ventilation).
Pipes are made from metals and their alloys, plastics, resins, composite materials, concrete, ceramics, glass, wood and other materials.

Pipes as pipeline parts are used for transporting liquids, solutions, gas, steam, etc., as well as for laying and protecting electrical wires. Metal pipes are widely used in construction for metal structures and in mechanical production for the manufacture of shafts, drives, handles, rods and other parts.